the problem isn’t padding. The icon occupies all that space. Use absolute positioning
table {
width: 100%;
table-layout: fixed;
}
.firstrow > td {
padding-top: 10px;
}
.datarow > td > div {
overflow: hidden;
padding-top: 5px;
font-size: 16px;
}
.datarow > td > div > div {
float: left;
padding-right: 5px
}
<script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/de750115f0.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<table>
<tr class="dx-theme-accent-as-text-color" style="font-weight: bold">
<td>{{frc.version}}</td>
</tr>
<tr class="firstrow">
<td>VA</td>
<td>BA</td>
<td>Bevétel</td>
</tr>
<tr class="datarow">
<td>
<div>
<div style='position:relative'>-10,25M€
<i style='position:absolute;right:-25%;font-size: 32px; color: #5cb85c;' class="fas fa-sort-up" ></i></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div>
<div style='position:relative'>-20,99M€
<i class="fas fa-sort-up" style='position:absolute;right:-25%;font-size: 32px; color:#d9534f;'></i></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<div>
<div style='position:relative'>175,52M€
<i class="fas fa-sort-up" style='position:absolute;right:-25%;font-size: 32px; color: #5cb85c;' ></i>
</div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div style="overflow: hidden; font-size: smaller;">
<div style="float: left; color: #5cb85c">+0,45</div>
<div style="float: left; padding: 0px 2px 0px 2px">/</div>
<div style="float: left; color: #5cb85c">+1,25%</div>
</div>
</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>